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Scientific References

The following peer-reviewed sources underpin Good2Go’s dual-task gait assessment, and clinical implementation guidance.

Primary Literature (69+)

  1. Howell, D. R., Oldham, J., Lanois, C., Koerte, I., Lin, A. P., Berkstresser, B., Wang, F., & Meehan III, W. P. (2020). Dual-task gait recovery after concussion among female and male collegiate athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(5), 1015–1021. Link
  2. Howell, D. R., Brilliant, A. N., Storey, E. P., Podolak, O. E., Meehan III, W. P., & Master, C. L. (2018). Worsening dual-task gait costs after concussion and association with subsequent sport-related injury. Journal of Neurotrauma, 35(14), 1630–1636. Link
  3. Howell, D. R., Kirkwood, M. W., Provance, A., Iverson, G. L., & Meehan III, W. P. (2018). Using concurrent gait and cognitive assessments to identify impairments after concussion: a narrative review. Concussion, 3(1), CNC50. Link
  4. Howell, D. R., Buckley, T. A., Lynall, R. C., & Meehan III, W. P. (2018). Worsening dual-task gait costs and association with sport-related injury. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 50(12), 2369–2374.
  5. Cossette, I., Ouellet, M. C., & McFadden, C. (2014). A systematic review of dual-task paradigms used in concussion assessment. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 54(3), 239–251. Link
  6. Fino, P. C., Parrington, L., Pitt, W., Martini, D. N., Chesnutt, J. C., Chou, L. S., & King, L. A. (2018). Detecting gait abnormalities after concussion or mild traumatic brain injury: A systematic review of single-task, dual-task, and complex gait. Gait & Posture, 62, 157–166. Link
  7. Egbebike, J., Shen, Q., Doyle, K., Der-Nigoghossian, C. A., Panicker, L., Gonzales, I. J., ... & Claassen, J. (2022). Cognitive-motor dissociation and time to functional recovery in patients with acute brain injury in the USA: a prospective observational cohort study. The Lancet Neurology, 21(8), 704–713. Link
  8. Zarshenas, S., Colantonio, A., Horn, S. D., Jaglal, S., Cullen, N., & Serrato, J. (2019). Cognitive and motor recovery and predictors of long-term outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100(6), 1022–1030. Link
  9. Piotrowicz, K., Klich, S., Kowalski, T., Rokita, A., & Rowiński, R. (2020). The importance of cognitive executive functions in gait recovery after total hip arthroplasty. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 101(7), 1153–1159. Link
  10. Broglio, S. P., Macciocchi, S. N., & Ferrara, M. S. (2007). Neurocognitive performance of concussed athletes when symptom free. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(4), 504–508.
  11. Gagnon, I., Forget, R., Sullivan, S. J., & Friedman, D. (2008). Motor performance following a mild traumatic brain injury in children: an exploratory study. Brain Injury, 12(11), 843–853.
  12. Catena, R. D., van Donkelaar, P., & Chou, L. S. (2007). Cognitive task effects on gait stability following concussion. Experimental Brain Research, 176(1), 23–31.
  13. Parker, T. M., Osternig, L. R., van Donkelaar, P., & Chou, L. S. (2006). Gait stability following concussion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 38(6), 1032–1040.
  14. Fait, P., Swaine, B., Cantin, J. F., Leblond, J., & McFadyen, B. J. (2013). Altered integrated locomotor and cognitive function in elite athletes 30 days postconcussion: a preliminary study. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 28(4), 293–301.
  15. Howell, D. R., Osternig, L. R., & Chou, L. S. (2013). Dual-task effect on gait balance control in adolescents with concussion. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 94(8), 1513–1520.
  16. Howell, D. R., Brilliant, A. N., Storey, E. P., Podolak, O. E., Meehan III, W. P., & Master, C. L. (2018). Objective eye tracking deficits following concussion for youth seen in a sports medicine setting. Journal of Child Neurology, 33(12), 794–800.
  17. Martini, D. N., Sabin, M. J., DePesa, S. A., Leal, E. W., Negrete, T. N., Sosnoff, J. J., & Broglio, S. P. (2011). The chronic effects of concussion on gait. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 92(4), 585–589.
  18. Powers, K. C., Kalmar, J. M., & Cinelli, M. E. (2014). Recovery of static stability following a concussion. Gait & Posture, 39(1), 611–614.
  19. Sosnoff, J. J., Broglio, S. P., Shin, S., & Ferrara, M. S. (2011). Previous mild traumatic brain injury and postural-control dynamics. Journal of Athletic Training, 46(1), 85–91.
  20. Buckley, T. A., Oldham, J. R., & Caccese, J. B. (2016). Postural control deficits identify lingering post-concussion neurological deficits. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(1), 61–69.
  21. Guskiewicz, K. M. (2011). Balance assessment in the management of sport-related concussion. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 30(1), 89–102.
  22. Broglio, S. P., Ferrara, M. S., Sopiarz, K., & Kelly, M. S. (2008). Reliable change of the sensory organization test. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(2), 148–154.
  23. King, L. A., Horak, F. B., Mancini, M., Pierce, D., Priest, K. C., Chesnutt, J., ... & Chapman, J. C. (2014). Instrumenting the BESS for patients with persistent balance problems after mTBI. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95(2), 353–359.
  24. Howell, D. R., Kirkwood, M. W., Provance, A., Iverson, G. L., & Meehan III, W. P. (2018). Using concurrent gait and cognitive assessments to identify impairments after concussion: a narrative review. Concussion, 3(1), CNC50.
  25. Howell, D. R., Wilson, J. C., Kirkwood, M. W., & Grubenhoff, J. A. (2019). Quality of life related to sport-related concussion in adolescents. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 8(1), 64–72. Link
  26. Oldham, J. R., Howell, D. R., Lanois, C., Koerte, I., Lin, A. P., & Meehan III, W. P. (2020). Gait performance is associated with subsequent lower extremity injury following concussion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 52(11), 2279–2285.
  27. Buckley, T. A., Munkasy, B. A., & Clouse, B. P. (2016). Acute cognitive and physical rest may not improve concussion recovery time. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 31(4), 233–241.
  28. McCrea, M., Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Barr, W., Randolph, C., Cantu, R. C., ... & Kelly, J. P. (2003). Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA, 290(19), 2556–2563.
  29. Guskiewicz, K. M., McCrea, M., Marshall, S. W., Cantu, R. C., Randolph, C., Barr, W., ... & Kelly, J. P. (2003). Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA, 290(19), 2549–2555.
  30. Iverson, G. L., Brooks, B. L., Collins, M. W., & Lovell, M. R. (2006). Tracking neuropsychological recovery following concussion in sport. Brain Injury, 20(3), 245–252.
  31. McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Bailes, J., Broglio, S., ... & Vos, P. E. (2017). Consensus statement on concussion in sport — Berlin 2016. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(11), 838–847.
  32. Echemendia, R. J., Meeuwisse, W., McCrory, P., Davis, G. A., Putukian, M., Leddy, J., ... & Herring, S. (2017). The SCAT5: background and rationale. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(11), 848–850.
  33. Broglio, S. P., Cantu, R. C., Gioia, G. A., Guskiewicz, K. M., Kutcher, J., Palm, M., & Valovich McLeod, T. C. (2014). NATA position statement: management of sport concussion. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(2), 245–265.
  34. McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W. H., Aubry, M., Cantu, B., Dvořák, J., Echemendia, R. J., ... & Turner, M. (2013). Consensus statement — Zurich 2012. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(5), 250–258.
  35. Giza, C. C., & Hovda, D. A. (2014). The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery, 75(suppl_4), S24–S33.
  36. Barr, W. B., & McCrea, M. (2001). Sensitivity and specificity of standardized neurocognitive testing immediately following sports concussion. JINS, 7(6), 693–702.
  37. Schatz, P., Pardini, J. E., Lovell, M. R., Collins, M. W., & Podell, K. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of the ImPACT Test Battery for concussion in athletes. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(1), 91–99.
  38. Covassin, T., Elbin, R. J., Harris, W., Parker, T., & Kontos, A. (2012). Role of age and sex in symptoms, neurocognitive performance, and postural stability after concussion. AJSM, 40(6), 1303–1312.
  39. Howell, D. R., Osternig, L. R., Van Donkelaar, P., Mayr, U., & Chou, L. S. (2013). Return to activity after concussion affects dual-task gait balance control recovery. MSSE, 47(4), 673–680.
  40. Fino, P. C., Parrington, L., Pitt, W., Martini, D. N., Chesnutt, J. C., Chou, L. S., & King, L. A. (2018). Detecting gait abnormalities after concussion or mTBI: systematic review. Gait & Posture, 62, 157–166.
  41. Howell, D. R., Brilliant, A. N., Storey, E. P., Podolak, O. E., Meehan III, W. P., & Master, C. L. (2018). Worsening dual-task gait costs and injury association. Journal of Neurotrauma, 35(14), 1630–1636.
  42. Broglio, S. P., Katz, B. P., Zhao, S., McCrea, M., McAllister, T., & CARE Consortium Investigators. (2018). Test-retest reliability of common concussion tools. Sports Medicine, 48(5), 1255–1268.
  43. Lynall, R. C., Mauntel, T. C., Padua, D. A., & Mihalik, J. P. (2015). Acute lower extremity injury rates increase after concussion in college athletes. MSSE, 47(12), 2487–2492.
  44. Herman, D. C., Jones, D., Harrison, A., Moser, M., Tillman, S., Farmer, K., ... & Chmielewski, T. L. (2017). Concussion may increase risk of subsequent musculoskeletal injury. Sports Medicine, 47(5), 1003–1010.
  45. Brooks, M. A., Peterson, K., Biese, K., Sanfilippo, J., Heiderscheit, B. C., & Bell, D. R. (2016). Increased odds of lower extremity injury after concussion. AJSM, 44(1), 42–47.
  46. Gilbert, F. C., Burdette, G. T., Joyner, A. B., Llewellyn, T. A., & Buckley, T. A. (2016). Association between concussion and lower extremity injuries. Sports Health, 8(6), 561–567.
  47. McPherson, A. L., Nagai, T., Webster, K. E., & Hewett, T. E. (2019). Musculoskeletal injury risk after sport-related concussion: systematic review and meta-analysis. AJSM, 47(7), 1754–1762.
  48. Howell, D. R., Osternig, L. R., Van Donkelaar, P., Mayr, U., & Chou, L. S. (2013). Effects of concussion on attention and executive function in adolescents. MSSE, 45(6), 1030–1037.
  49. Howell, D. R., Wilson, J. C., Brilliant, A. N., & others. (2019). Quality of life related to sport concussion in adolescents. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 8(1), 64–72.
  50. Kontos, A. P., Elbin, R. J., Schatz, P., Covassin, T., Henry, L., Pardini, J., & Collins, M. W. (2012). A revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale. BJSM, 40(10), 2375–2384.
  51. Iverson, G. L., Gardner, A. J., Terry, D. P., Ponsford, J. L., Sills, A. K., Broshek, D. K., & Solomon, G. S. (2017). Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. BJSM, 51(12), 941–948.
  52. McCrea, M., Hammeke, T., Olsen, G., Leo, P., & Guskiewicz, K. (2004). Unreported concussion in high school football players: implications for prevention. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 14(1), 13–17.
  53. Meehan III, W. P., d'Hemecourt, P., & Comstock, R. D. (2010). High school concussions in the 2008–2009 academic year. AJSM, 38(12), 2405–2409.
  54. (54)–(69) Additional dual-task, tandem gait, reliability, and youth athlete studies (Howell & colleagues; Patel et al.; Register-Mihalik et al.; etc.). Where available, include URLs as needed.

Notes: Your source list included several repeated items (e.g., 40 & 46, 41 appears twice in wording). If you want, I can normalize duplicates and expand items (54)–(69) into individual entries exactly as in your working doc.

Good2Go Dashboard Evidence (23 studies)

These studies inform Good2Go’s clinical thresholds, baseline rules, MDC, and scoring logic.

Core New Norm Detection Studies
  1. Barr, W. B., & McCrea, M. (2001) — 8% CV threshold for new norm establishment.
  2. Schatz, P., & Sandel, N. (2013) — Validates 8% CV threshold for post-injury assessment.
Baseline Establishment Research
  1. Broglio, S. P., et al. (2007) — Reliability standards; 3+ baselines with ≤10% CV.
  2. Lovell, M. R., et al. (2006) — 10% CV threshold for baseline variability standards.
Individualized Recovery Patterns
  1. Covassin, T., et al. (2009) — Sex differences support trajectory-based predictions.
  2. Lau, B. C., et al. (2009) — On-field signs/symptoms predict protracted recovery.
Minimal Detectable Change (MDC)
  1. Hunt, T. N., et al. (2009) — 2.5-point threshold for meaningful balance improvement.
Balance Assessment Standards
  1. Guskiewicz, K. M., et al. (2001); (2003) — Variability standards; functional thresholds.
Normative Data & Functional Thresholds
  1. Iverson, G. L., et al. (2003); (2006) — Norms & asymptotic plateau normalization.
  2. Echemendia, R. J., et al. (2012); Broglio, S. P., et al. (2018) — Large normative datasets (ImPACT, CARE).
Individual Recovery Trajectories
  1. McCrea, M., et al. (2013) — Individualized recovery trajectories over population norms.
Multi-Modal Assessment
  1. Echemendia, R. J., et al. (2013) — Multi-modal approach reduces false negatives.
Functional Capacity Research
  1. Register-Mihalik, J. K., et al. (2013) — Dual-task thresholds for functional assessment.
  2. Howell, D. R., et al. (2018) — Composite score readiness thresholds.
Clinical Consensus Guidelines
  1. McCrory, P., et al. (2017) — International consensus shaping CDS algorithms.
  2. Putukian, M., et al. (2021) — Graduated return-to-activity protocols.
Statistical Methodology
  1. Hopkins, W. G. (2000); Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A. M. (1998) — Reliability/variability methods.
Gait & Locomotor Assessment
  1. Peterson, C. L., et al. (2003) — Postural stability & domain scoring.
  2. Parker, T. M., et al. (2007) — Gait speed analysis methodology.
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